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Educator’s Guide: Identifying What Works for Struggling Readers

Educator’s Guide: Identifying What Works for Struggling Readers

This report published on the Best Evidence Encyclopedia (BEE) website provides an extensive review of the research on the outcomes of 27 early childhood programs. Six of the programs produced strong evidence of effectiveness in language, literacy, and/or phonological awareness. All of the effective programs had explicit academic content, a balance of teacher-led and child-initiated activity, and significant training and follow-up support.

FreeReading

FreeReading is a free, open-source reading program addressing literacy development for grades K-3. Leveraging the collective wisdom of researchers, teachers, reading coaches, and other education and industry professionals, FreeReading provides a high-quality, cost-effective framework for intervention programs supporting K-6 literacy. Schools and teachers can use the complete, 40-week, research-based intervention program for K-1 students, or use the library of lessons to supplement existing curriculum in phonological awareness, phonics, vocabulary, comprehension, and writing.
Joanne Meier

Joanne Meier

Joanne Meier has more than 20 years of experience in the field of education, including serving on the faculty at the University of Virginia for six years where she trained reading specialists and future classroom teachers. Dr. Meier was Reading Rockets’ research-to-practice consultant from 2002 to 2014, where she wrote the Page by Page blog — sharing best practices in supporting young readers at home and in the classroom.

Marcia Invernizzi

Marcia Invernizzi

Marcia Invernizzi is a professor of education at the Curry School of Education at the University of Virginia and director of UVA’s McGuffey Reading Center. She is also one of the creators of the Phonological Awareness Literacy Screening tool (PALS) and the co-founder of the Book Buddies community tutoring program.

illustration of young girl struggling with reading and writing

Reading Risk Indicators by Grade Level

The following is a general list of risk factors for reading difficulties by grade level. Please note that the list is not all-inclusive and should be interpreted with reference to age and grade expectations.
Elementary teacher explaining social studies lesson to group of kids in classroom

In the Classroom

Browse our library of evidence-based teaching strategies, learn more about using classroom texts, find out what whole-child literacy instruction looks like, and dive deeper into comprehension, content area literacy, writing, and social-emotional learning.

Photo by Allison Shelley for EDUimages

birds-eye view illustration of woman working on her laptop

Video Interviews with Literacy Experts

Learn from researchers and experts in literacy and early education. Topics include vocabulary, comprehension, writing, autism, social-emotional learning, children’s books, summer learning, and more.

John Gabrieli

Dr. John Gabrieli is on the faculty at MIT, in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and the Institute for Medical Engineering and Science. Dr. Gabrieli’s research focuses on the brain mechanisms of memory, cognition, and emotion in the human brain, and how those mechanisms are disrupted in neurological disorders, including dyslexia. 

Elementary school-aged deaf student using sign language with teacher

Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children

Get tips and classroom practices for supporting reading instruction for children with hearing loss. Parents can find answers to frequently asked questions about nurturing their deaf child’s literacy growth. 

Mother helping preschool daughter with simple writing activity

The Pre-K Years

Parent tips for easy activities to do with your child that will help them get ready to read. Part of our Growing Readers series.

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